定语从句，在句子中起定语作用，修饰一个名词或代词，有时可修饰一个句子。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词，定语从句通常放在先行词的后面，由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词充当从句的成分。
一、引导定语从句的关系词 关 系 代 词 关 系 副 词 关系词 who whom which that as whose(=of whom或of which) when(=in等+which) where(=in等+which) why(=for which) 先行词 人 人 物 人或物 人或物 人或物 时间词 地点词 reason 充当从句的 主,宾,表 宾 主,宾,表 主,宾,表 主,宾,表 定 状 状 状 例： 1. The boy who broke the window is called Tom.
2. She is the new student whom I want to introduce to you . 3. The novel which Tom bought is very interesting. 4. A plane is a machine that can fly.
5. As is known to all, Cheng Long is a famous actor.
6.The boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather. 7. He came at a time when we needed him most. 8.The school where I study is far from my home. 9. I know the reason why she studies so well .
二、定语从句的做题要领
定语从句三步： 第一找出先行词；
第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做什么成分）； 第三选择合适的关系词。
三、定语从句中的重、难点
1. 关系代词和关系副词使用的区分。
关系代词起代词的作用，关系副词起副词的作用，因此同样的先行词，由于在从句中担任的逻辑作用不同，需用不同的关系词去替代它。
This is the place which we visited. 这是我们参观过的地方。
[We visited the place. 关系词作宾语。要用which（或that或不加）]
This is the place where he works. 这是他工作的地方。
[He works in the place. 关系词作状语。要用where（可转化为介词+关系代词，既此处
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也可用in which）] 练一练：
1. I’ll never forget the days______________ we worked together. 2. I’ll never forget the days ___________ we spent together. 3. I went to the place ______________I worked ten years ago. 4. I went to the place _____________ I visited ten years ago. 5. This is the reason _______________ he was late. 6. This is the reason _______________ he gave.
2. 关系代词that与which 的区分 只能用that的情况：
(1) 先行词为all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,few, one等不定代词时。 Eg: I mean the one that was bought yesterday.
(2) 先行词被形容词最高级或被the only, the very, all等修饰时。 Eg: It is the most important task that should be finished soon. (3) 先行词被序数词修饰时。Eg: This is the first English novel that was published in our country. (4) 先行词中既有物又有人时。
Eg: We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited. (5) 主句以特殊疑问词who, which开头时。 Eg: Who is the girl that you spoke to just now? 不宜用that的情况
(1) 关系代词前有介词时。
This is the room in which Lu Xun lived. (2) 非性定语从句中。
He spoke ill of me, which made me very angry.
3．关系代词which和as 的区分
（1）as 用在性定语从句中，只有在先行词前含有such, the same, as…as, so…as等时才使用, as 可作主语、宾语、表语。Eg: He’ll give us such things as we may need. 注意区别下列句子：
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. This is so interesting a story as we can hardly forget. This is so interesting a story that we can hardly forget it. This is such a difficult problem as no body can solve. This is such a difficult problem that nobody can solve it.
(2) 在非性定语从句的中，which 和as 两者都用逗号与主句隔开，引导一个属于附加说明性质的定语从句，说明整个主句（不一定修饰某个具体的先行词）。 Eg: Tai Wan is a part of China, which/ as is known to all.
但是要注意：as 可以放在整句的句首，而which，只能在逗号之后。 Eg: As is known to all (As we all know ), Xiu Xiang is an outstanding athlete.
4. 以the way 作先行词，在定语从句中作方式状语时，关系代词可用in which/ that/ 不加
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Eg: I don’t like the way (in which/ that/省略) you speak to her.
5. 性定语从句中关系代词的省略
关系代词who, whom, which, that在定语从句中作谓语动词的宾语时可以省略，但在介词+whom/ which中不能省略（定语从句中介词不能直接与who/ that连用）。固定的动词短语中的介词不能提前。
Eg: The lady (who/ whom) you saw just now is my mother.
This is the magzine (which/ that) you are looking for. The child to whom Aunt Li wrote a letter is ill.
*6. 定语从句和其他句式的区分
______ is known to all is that China has the largest population in the world. ______ is known to all, China has the largest population in the world. ______ is known to all that China has the largest population in the world. What he said was useless. All that he said was useless.
The idea that we will go for a picnic tomorrow is reasonable. The idea that you told us is reasonable.
It was at five o’clock that I finished the difficult task. It was five o’clock when I finished the difficult task.
1. The train _____ she was traveling was late.
A. which B. where C. on which D. in that 2.I began to work in Beijing in the year New China was founded.
A. when B. that C. which D. where
3. This was the supermarket I bought this kind of tin.
A. where B. that C. who D. which 4. The house the famous pop singer used to live in is now a nursery. A. that B. where C. what D. when 5. I don’t like the way _____ he speaks.
A. / B. which C. in that D. how 6. He is a man of great experience, _____ much can be learned. A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom 7. Do you remember the day your sister was graduated as a Master of Arts? A. which B. on which C. about which D.／ 8. He has two sons, _____ work as chemists. A. both of them B. both of whom C. both of which D. all of whom 9. This is the baby tomorrow. A. after whom you’re to look B. whom you’re to look after
C. whose you’re to look after D. after whom you’re to look after 10. The house, _____ was destroyed in the terrible fire, has been repaired. A. whose roof B. which roof C. its roof D. the roof 11. Edison made a lot of inventions, ____ of great importance. A. which I think are B. which I think they are
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C. which I think they D. I think which are
12. I’ll talk about a newly-opened market ______ you may get all _______ you need. A. in which; which B. where; that C. where; what D. which; that 13. Can you lend me the novel _____ the other day?
A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about
14. ____ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high school is increasing. A. Which B. As C. That D. It
15. His sister had become a teacher, ______ was what he wanted to be. A. who B. what C. that D. which 16. Tom played a joke on Sally, _____ made her very angry. A. which B. that C. who D. what 17. I have bought the same dress _____ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. than
18. Both the girl and her dog ____ were crossing the street were hit by a coming car. A. which B. who C. they D. that 19. It’s one of the most interesting stories ___ I have ___ read A. which, never B. that, ever C. that, never D. which, ever 20. On my way home in the street I saw a lady ___ I thought was your aunt. A. who B. whom C. which D. whose 21. The accident had reached to a stage ____ both their parents are to be called in. A. what B. that C. which D. where 22. Is this museum _____ some German friends visited last Wednesday? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one 23. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is the point _____ I disagree. A. when B. which C. where D. that 24. Is that the reason _____ you are late for school? A. which B. what C. why D. for that
25. The reason _____ he explained for his being late for school was _____ his bike was broken on the way.
A. which, that B. that, because C. why, that D. why, because 26. Among the winners _______ father is seriously ill in hospital. A. stand little Tom who B. stood little Tom whom C. Little Tom stands whose D. stands little Tom whose
27. It was in the stone house ______ was built as a school by local villageers ____ the boy finished his primary school.
A.which; that B. that; where C. Which; which D. that; which 28. ____ is known to us all that the old scientist, for ____ life was hard still works hard now.
A. It; whom B. As; whom C. As; whose D. What; whom 29. Mrs Lee will move into the new house next Monday, ____ it will be completely finished. A. by which time B. by that time C. by this time D. by the time 30. The foxes hid themselves in the places ______ couldn’t be found.
A. that B. where C. in which D. in that (Key: CAAAA DBBBA ABDBD AADBA DDCCA DAAAA)
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倒装句
完全倒装：谓语动词完全搬到主语前面的句子。完全倒装主要有两种：
1． 当表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语（here,there,in,out,up,down,in,away,away,off,in
the room, out of the door等），放在句首时。 e.g. Here comes the bus.
e.g. Among the winners stands little Tom.
2. 当such位于句首时。
e.g. such are the facts; no one can deny them..
部分倒装：只把谓语的一部分（助动词，系动词，情态动词）提到主语的前面。主要有三
种情况。
1. 当“only+副词/介词短语/状语从句”结构位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。
e.g. Only then did he realize that he was wrong.
e.g. Only in his way can you remember a lot of words.
e.g. Only after my friend came was the computer repaired. only修饰主语时，句子不用倒装
e.g. Only Doctor Zang can do the operation.
2. 当否定词never,not,not,hardly,little,seldom等放于句首时，句子要部分倒装。 e.g. Never have I seen such a moving film. 3. 某些句型中，句子也要部分倒装
Not only （倒装）but also （不倒装） Neither （倒装）nor （倒装）
e.g. Not only can he played the piano, but also he can played the violin.
强调句
It is / was + 被强调的部分 + that/who +句子其余成分
特点：强调句可以强调除定语和谓语以外的所有句子成分, 其特点为，将It is/was …
that/who去掉后，仍能调整成一个完整的句子。
e.g It is I who/that am right. 我才是对的。（强调主语）
e.g. It is in the park that Tom lost his watch. 汤姆是在公园里丢的手表。（强调地点状语） 一般疑问句只需将is(was)提前
Was it during the Anti-Japanese war that he died? 特殊疑问句只需在一般疑问句前加上疑问词 Who was it that died during the Anti-Japanese war?
虚拟语气
原形虚拟
一个坚持 *insist 三个建议 suggest propose advise 两个命令 order command 四个要求 demand require request ask
倒退虚拟（时态倒退）
As if had done Wish did (were)
would/could/might + V.
其他：It is（high）time (that) sb. should/ do sth.
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