I. Define the following terms. 1．The PARADIGMATIC relation, Saussure originally called ASSOCIATIVE, is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one elements present and the others absent
2. Syntagmatic relation is a relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present;
3. The structural and logical functional relations of constituents between every noun phrase and sentence are called grammatical relations.
4. The combinational pattern in a linear formula may be called a phrase structural rule, or rewrite rule
5. An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.
6. Endocentric construction may be furthering divided into two subtypes: SUBORDINATE and COORDINATE constructions. Those in which there is one head, with the head being dominant and the other constituents dependent, are subordinate constructions.
7. The exocentric construction is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents.
8. DEEP structure : the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i.e. the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents, such as the relation between the underlying subject and its verb, or a verb and its object.
9. Surface structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive. 10. THEME refers to ―that which is known or at least obvious in the given situation and from which the speaker proceeds‖ ,
11. RHEME refers to ―what the speaker states about, or in regard to, the starting point of the utterance‖
12. Syntax: A subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. The study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.
13. Sentence: A structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.
14. Concord: also known as agreement, may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.
15. Immediate constituent analysis may be defined as: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are rached. II. Indicate the following statements true or false.
( ) 1. The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called predicate.
( ) 2. The syntactic rules of a language are finite in number, yet there is no limit to the number of sentences that could be produced.
( ) 3. A coordinate sentence contains two finite classes joined by a conjunction.
( ) 4. The two clauses in a complex sentence are structurally equal, although they are named differently.
( ) 5. The D-structure of a sentence and S-structure of a sentence may look the same.
( ) 6. The subordinator does not merely mark the beginning of a matrix clause but more importantly, indicate the grammatical function of the embedded clause in the sentence. ( ) 7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
( ) 8. All the lexical items have certain combinational properties that allow them to combine with words of different categories to form phrases.
( ) 9. A parameter allows the meaning of a language to behave in away very different from that another language. ( ) 10. By using move α rule, we can move any constituents to any positions we want without any restrictions. 1. F 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F Ⅱ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word.
1. Syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language
speaker known as linguistic_______
2. The fundamental aim in the linguistic analysis of a language is to study the _____________ of
the meaningful sequences.
3. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of __________ to form a complete statement _________ or command.
4. Traditionally, three major types of sentences are distinguished, namely_________ sentence,
________ sentence or _________ sentence, and ___________ sentence.
5. The subordinate sentence in a complex sentence is called an_________ clause and the clause into which it is embedded is called a _______sentence. 6. In a tree diagram, __________ is the root of tree.
7. The __________ property captures the ability of language to generate more constituents to a
sentence.
8. XP can be rewritten as (__________) X (___________), X is called the __________. 9. In English, the D---structure can be turned into S---structure through_______________.
10. The distinction between the __________ and ___________ functional relations of constituents is called grammatical relations.
1. Competence 2. Structure 3. words question 4. simple coordinate compound complex 5. embedded, matrix 6. sentence 7. recursive 8. Spec Compl head 9. transformational rules 10. structural logic
Ⅲ. In each of the following questions there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the questions or the best complete the sentence. 1． The syntactic components provide the _________ for a sentence. A. lexicon B. structure C. meaning D. sound
2. Transformational rules do not change the basic __________ of sentence. A .meaning B. structure C. form D. sound pattern
3. Transformational grammar is a type of grammar first proposed by_________ in his book
language.
A. Noam Chomsky B. Sapir C. Hjelmslev D. Bloomfield 4． The theory of universal grammar was proposed by_______________. A. Noam Chomsky B. Firth
C. C—bar theory D. Move α rule
5. The sentence ―John reads quickly the linguistics book.‖ is a wrong the sentence because it
violates the __________.
A. adjacency condition B. case the condition C.X—bar theory D. Move α rule 6. The study of the linguistic meaning of words phrased and sentences is called________. A. pragmatics B. semantics C. linguistics D. syntax 7. Hanging at the bottom of the tree diagram of a sentence is ____________. A. a finite clause B. words groups
C. individual morphemes D. sentence
8. In English, there are two types of syntactic movements, one involving the movement of_____, the other involving the movement of WH—word.
A. NP B. VP C. PP D.AP 9. In a simple sentence, the clause is called_______.
A. a matrix clause B. a subordinate clause C. an embedded sentence D. a finite clause
10. In TG Grammar, the syntactic component provides the _________ for a sentence. A. sound B. structure C. meaning D. finite set 1.B 2.D 3.A 4.A 5.B 6. B 7.C 8. A 9.D 10. B
Ⅳ. Answer the following questions in English.
1. For each of the following two sentences, draw a tree diagram of its underlying structure that
will reveal the difference in the sentences. (1) ①The mouse ran up the rock.
S
NP VP
Det N V PP
P NP
Det N
The mouse ran up the rock
②The mouse ate up the cheese.
S
NP VP
Det N V NP
Vprt prt Det N
The mouse ate up the cheese
(注：V---Vprt Prt 其中prt为小品词)
(2)①John gave Mary the book.
S
NP VP
N V NP NP
N Det N
John gave Mary the book
②John gave the book to Mary.
S
NP VP
N V NP PP
Det N P NP N
John gave the book to Mary
2. Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules
account for the ambiguity of sentences. (1) Fling planes can be dangerous.
① That people fly planes can be dangerous. ② Planes that fly can be dangerous.
(2) Visiting professor can be interesting.
① To visit professor can be interesting.
② Professor who are visiting can be interesting.
(3) Young men and women are easy to quarrel with each other.
① Young men and young women are easy to quarrel with each other.
② Young men and women (who are not young) are easy to quarrel with each other. (4) The president’s appointment was shocking.
①That someone appointed the president was shocking. ② That the president appointed someone was shocking.
3. The following sentences are believed to have derived from their D—structure representations.
Show the D—structure for each of these sentences.
(1) What can I do for?
I can do what. (2) The boy saw a boat.
The boy past see a boat.
(3) Will you do anything for her?
You will do anything for her.
(4) The man put the books away and went out.
The man put away the books and went out.
.
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容