“文化”（ culture ） 物质文化（ material culture ） 制度文化（ institutional culture ）
心理文化（也称观念文化） （ mental culture ） 咖啡（ coffee）、 巧克力（ chocolate ）、 色拉（ salad）、 三明治（ sandwich ）、 歇斯底里（ hysteria）、 休克（ shock）、 基因（ gene）、 钙（ calcium）、 维他命（ vitamin ）、 奥林匹克（ Olympic ）、 雷达（ radar）、 先令（ shilling ）、 夹克（ jacket）、 电视（ television ）、 激光（ laser）、 飞机（ aeroplane）、 火车（ train）、 交响乐（ symphony ）、 徒（ Christian ）、 面包（ bread）、 盲文（ brail ）、
圣诞老人（ Santa Claus）、 圣经（ Bible ）、 马海毛（ mahair）、 贝雷帽（ beret）、 （ revolution ） 、营养（ nourish ）、 （ liberate ）、 民主（ democracy）、 科学（ science）、 （ dictatorship ）、 心理学（ psychology ）、 形而上学（ metaphysics）、 图书馆（ library ）、 想象（ imagination ）、 暗示（ hint ）、 投资（ investment） 磁卡电话（ card phone）、 立交桥（ overpass）、 眼镜（ contact lenses）、
下拉菜单（ pulldown ）、 软驱（ floppy drive ）、 光驱（ CD drive ）、 鼠标（ mouse）、 电脑（ computer）、 内存条（ RAM chip ）、 复印机（ xerox machine ）、 安乐死（ euthanasia）、 艾滋病（ AIDS ）、 香波（ shampoo）、 连锁店（ chain store）、 热狗（ hot dog ）、 自助餐（ buffet ）、 牛仔服（ cowboy suit ）、 T 恤衫（ T-shirt）意合 (parataxis) 隐性 (covertness) 显性 (overtness) 形合 (hypotaxis) 伦理 (ethics) 认知 (cognition)
顺其自然 (Let nature take its course in accordance with its natural tendency) 、
听其自然 (leave the matter as it is; take the world as it is) 、 听天安命 (accept the situation) 、
听天由命 (be at the mercy of nature; be left to God's mercy; let fate have its way; submit the will of Heaven; wait for one's fate) 。
individualism （
不管别人怎样做）只按个人方法行事的感觉或行为；我行我素 个体主义”。 整体 (integrity) 综合性 (synthetic) 个体 (individuality) 、 分析性 (analytic) 直觉 (intuition) 实证 (evidence)
天人合一” (The Unity of Man and Heaven
形象思维 (figurative thinking) 逻辑思维 (logical thinking) 表象 (presentation) 天亮 (daybreak; dawn
明易躲，暗箭难防 (It is easy to dodge a spear thrust in the open, but difficult to guard
against an arrow shot from hiding) 、
脚踩两只船 (比喻因为对事物认识不清或存心投机取巧而跟两方面都保持联系， straddle two boats; have a foot in either camp) 、
脚踏实地 (have a down-to-earth manner) 、
胆小如鼠 (as timid as a mouse; chicken-hearted) 、
顶天立地 (dauntless; of gigantic stature; of indomitable spirit; giant) 、 调虎离山 (1ure the tiger out of the mountains; lure the enemy away from his base) 、丢盔弃 甲 (throw away everything in headlong flight) 、 哭笑不得 (形容处境尴尬， 不知如何是好， not know whether to laugh or to cry; find sth. both funny and annoying) 、
枯木逢春 (比喻重获生机， get a new lease of life) 、 居高临下 (处在高处， 俯视下面， 形容处于有利的地位，
occupy a commanding position) 、
蒙在鼓里 (be kept in the dark) 。英美人也用具体形象词语比喻抽象的事物，但常常喜欢用抽象名词指代具体事物。
棍子 stick) 、 锅 wok
汉藏语系 (Sino-Tibetan Family 印欧语系 (Indo-European Family) 文字 (script)
书面语言 (system of writing 表意文字 (ideographic script
音节文字 (ideographic-oriented syllabic script) 字 (character 词 (word 偏旁部首 (radical 语素 (morpheme) 拼音文字 (alphabetic script 象形字 (pictagraph 指事字 (indicative character 会意字 (associative character 形声字 (morpheme-phonetic character
音素 (phoneme
韵母 (final 声母 (initial 元音 (vowel 辅音 (consonant) 汉语拼音字母
(pinyin
国际音标 (international transcription 声调语言 (tonal language 重读音节 (stressed syllable 语调语言 (intonation language 第一音节 (scholar, family 倒数第三个音节
(psychology
主重音 (primary stress
次重音 (secondary stress) (magazine 双重音 (double stress) 实词 (content words 虚词 (form words
音节文字 (ideographic-oriented syllabic script)
拼音文字 (alphabetic script 合成法 (compounding 缀合法 (affixation) 音变法 (sound-changing 缩略法 (abbreviation 重叠法 (reduplication 转换法 (conversion 逆构词法 (back-formation 截短法 (clipping
超短波
ultrashort waves 超短裙 Miniskirt 超标准 Superstandard 超语言符号 extralinguistic signs 超代数 Hyperalgebra 超大气压 Overpressure 超高频
ultra-high frequency 。
命根子 (lifeblood 胖子 (fatty 矮子 Shorty 垫叶子 cushion, mat 掸子 (duster 骗子 (swindler) 。
doom (n. 毁灭、末日 deem (v. 认为 ) house (n. 房屋 house (v. 留宿 )。
北大
Beida (Peking University) 清华
Tsinghua (Tsinghua University 央视
CCTV (Central China Television Station 华中师大
CCNU (Central China Normal University 安琪儿 (angel 桑巴 (samba 马拉松 (marathon 扑克 (poker 幽默 (humour 卡路里 (calorie) 康乃馨 (carnation) 篮球 (basketball 交响乐 (symphony 工会 (trade union 智商 (IQ) 冰淇淋 (ice cream 咖哩粉 (curry 汉堡包 (hamburger) 爵士乐 (jazz 绷带 (bandage 嘉年华会 (carnival
litchi ( 荔枝 loquat ( 枇杷 kaoliang ( 高粱 jiaozi ( 子 ginseng (人参 sampan (舢板 kowtow ( 叩 kung fu ( 功夫 makjong ( 麻将 mu ( yuan (元 jin ( 斤 panda (熊猫 moon cake (月 China rose (月季 mandarin duck ( tael ( 两 empty word ( 虚 gold fish ( 金 Peking Opera (京 brick tea ( 茶
医生（仔仔 ） 病人作了 。
The doctor examined the patient very, very carefully.
一眼望去，（疏疏的）林， （淡淡的）月， 着蔚 的天， 像荒江野渡光景；⋯⋯
As one looked into the distance, the sparse trees and pale moon set off by the blue sky offered
a view like that at a deserted ferry on a desolate river ．
(朱自清《 声灯影里的秦淮河》 他很听 ，我的 （句句）听。
He was very obedient and always did as I told him. “句句”在 里 “听 ”的程度，用“
程度。
着犯罪嫌疑人的
(一 一 )。
The police kept close watch on the man under suspicion. “一 一 ”在下例中，便 了一种 法。 我 是新雇 ，得注意自己的
(一 一 ) 。
As new employees we must be careful about what we do.
always did as I told him ” 出了原文 的
，胡士光 )
果品
fresh and dried fruits
strawberry ( 草莓 blackberry ( 黑莓 blueberry ( 蓝莓 raspberry (钩子 holly berries ( 泡叶栒子 模糊词 (fuzzy words 中国古代气论 元气 primordial Qi 气虚 Qi deficiency 。
做家务
do the housework 、 do the house chore 做大扫除
do general cleaning 扫地 洗碗 洗衣服 擦玻璃 做饭 擦皮鞋 倒垃圾
sweep the floor 、do the dishes、wash clothes、clean glasses、cook meals、shine leather shoes、
(theory of vitality
dump rubbish 。
搽药 apply lotion (or ointment) 搽粉 powder one's face
搽雪花膏 put on vanishing cream
(1) 探春笑道：“只恐又是你的杜撰。”宝玉笑道：“除《四书》外，杜撰的太多，偏只我是杜撰不成 ?”
“ You're making that up, I'm afraid, ” teased Tan Chun. “Most works, apart from the FOUR BOOKS, are made up; am I the only one who made things up? ” he retorted with a grin. (杨宪益、戴乃迭译 )
(2) 贾母笑道：“你不认得他，他是我们这里有名的一个泼皮破落户儿，南省俗谓作‘辣子’，你只叫他‘凤辣子’就是了。”
“ You don't know her, ” said Grandmother Jia merrily. “ She's a holy terror this one. What we used to call in Nanking a ‘ peppercorn’ . You just call her ‘Peppercorn Feng’ . She'll know who you mean! ” (David Hawkes 译 )
(3) 贾母笑道：“外客未见，就脱了衣裳，还不去见你妹妹
! ”
With a smile at Pao-yu, the Lady Dowager scolded, “Fancy changing your clothes before greeting our visitor. Hurry up now and pay your respects to your cousin. ” (杨宪益、戴乃迭译 )
(4) 贾母笑道：“可又是胡说，你又何曾见过他
have met her?” (杨宪益、戴乃迭译 )
?”
“ You're talking nonsense again,” said his grandmother, laughing. “ How could you possibly
词义相符 (semantic correspondence)
沙漠 (desert 蔬菜 (vegetabl 工厂 (factory
历史博物馆 (history museum 历史遗产 (historical heritage 温室效应 (greenhouse effect 环境保护 (environmental protection 狐狸 (fox
(1) 他是只狡猾的老狐狸。 He is an old fox ．
(2) 他们的拉车姿势，讲价时的那随机应变，走路时的抄近绕远，都足以使他们想起过去的光荣，而且用鼻翅扇着那些后起之辈。”
(老舍《骆驼祥子》 )
Their pulling posture, their adroit bargaining, their shrewd use of short-cuts or circuitous routes are enough to make them relive past glories and turn up their noses at the younger generation.
(3) 那本书的作者似乎没有自己的观点，书里都是人云亦云的东西。
That book, whose author doesn't seem to have his own viewpoints, is full of parrot-learned knowledge ．
(4) 岛之西南海边，有一块巨大的岩石，(中空 )，人可穿行其间
(5) At the southwest end of the islet, there is a huge rock with a big hole in the center through Which people Can walk to and fro ．
(5) 全岛 6300 户 (人家 )，共有 200 多架钢琴。 (同上 )
Of 6300 households on the islet, more than 200 have a piano at home ．
词义相异 (semantic non-correspondence)
三羊开泰” (Three Rams Bring Bliss 形容凶悍强暴的人，尤指悍妇或母夜叉
(fierce person, esp a woman OALED
长生鸟” (mythical bird of the Arabian desert, said to live for several hundred years before
burning itself and then rising born again from its ashes OALED
龙凤呈祥” (Dragon and Phoenix Bringing Prosperity 文化休克 (culture shock 词义空缺 (semantic zero)
糖葫芦 Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of children's favourite
food in winter
文房四宝 the four treasures of the study (writing brush, inkstick, inkstone and paper) 文明礼貌月 Socialist Ethics and Courtesy Month
章草 zhangcao (a cursive hand formerly used in memoria1s to the throne) 站票 standing-room-only tickets 特困生 the most needy students 三八红旗手 a woman pace-setter
三八式干部 a thirty-eighter (a person who joined the revolution in l938) 三教九流 people in various trades (derog.) 一日之长 a slight superiority 一穷二白 poor and blank 乌纱帽 an official post
五星红旗 the Five-Starred Red Flag (the national flag of the People's Republic of China) 五岳 The Five Sacred Mountains (Taishan, the Eastern Mountain in Shangdong Province; Hengshan, the Southern Mountain in Hunan Province; Huashan, the Western Mountain in Shaanxi Province; Hengshan, the Northern Mountain in Shanxi Province; Songshan, the Central Mountain in Henan Province)
五经 The Five Classics (The Book of Poetry, The Book of History, The Book of Changes, The Book of Rites, and The Spring and Autumn Annals)
小句 (clause
单句 (simple sentence 简单句 (simple sentence 复杂句 (multiple sentence 并列句 (compound sentence 复合句 (complex sentence 主语 (subject 谓语 (verb 宾语 (object 补足语 (complement 状语 (adverbial
间宾 (indirect object 直宾 (direct object
意合 (parataxis 形合 (hypotaxis
①我常见许多青年的朋友，②聪明用功，
③成绩优异，④而语文程度不足以达意，
(梁实秋《学问与趣味》
⑤甚 )
至写一封信亦难得通顺，⑥问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。
I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends (who) have done
exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. (They) cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. (When I) asked them why, (they) said they were not interested in the Chinese language.
篇章 (text
信息结构 (information structure) 主位 (theme) 述位 (rheme 主题 (topic 述题 (comment
主题显著 (topic-prominent 意念主轴 (thought-pivot 主语显著 (subject-prominent 主谓主轴 (subject-predicate-pivot 衔接手段 (cohesive devices) 照应 (co-reference anaphora)。
外指 (exophoric 内指 (endophoric 回指（ anaphoric 下指 (cataphoric
（ 4）爸爸妈妈， 你们 也买个钱罐存钱吧。你们没钱用了罐子就会把肚肚里的钱掏出来
给你们的。
Daddy, Mummy, please buy a piggie for yourselves. When you have no more money, the piggie will open its tummy and give you money.
(《童心》，居祖纯译 )
（ 5） 幅画是一部用思考和修养完成的杰作，它既有 史感又有 代 言的独特
性。
The painting is a masterpiece reflecting deep insight and artistic attainments; it expresses a sense of history by using specific modern artistic vocabulary.
（ 6）稍稍能安慰我 的，是在
那 石上有一个不大不小的坑凹儿，雨天就盛 了水。 The only thing had interested us in the ugly stone was a little pit on top of it , which was filled with water on rainy days.
( 平凹《丑石》 ，刘荣 )
（ 7） 种 力，使一般人看不 的生命力，只要生命存在， 种力就要 ，⋯⋯ It is an invisible force of life. So long as there is life, the force will show itself.
（ 8）A: 苹果在哪里？ Where are the apples? B: 在那 。 Over there.
（ 9）人到了老年，会有一种似乎奇怪又不奇怪的 象：即 生在昨天的事，倒会忘得一干二 ；而几十年前 自己印象极深的事情，却像是昨天 生一 ， 得一清二楚。
我 于我的中学美 老 胡 浦先生的 念，就是 。
When you are getting on in years, you tend to have a feeling that seems rather odd but, in fact, not very much so: what happened to you just a couple of days ago, you clean forget about it, but what happened as long as decades earlier with a sharp impact on you, you remember as clearly as if it had occurred yesterday.
This is how I feel about Mr.Hu Chunpu, my middle school fine art teacher. （ 10）一路上吃了半斤炒栗子，睡了一会儿 ，就到了北京。
We ate half a jin of roast chestnuts, had a nap and soon arrived in Beijing.
（ 11） 是从火 上 起吧
（ 12）Let me begin with my trip on the train.
（ 12）我 在 我原来的父母 有个模糊不清的印象⋯⋯关于我个人的 史情况，我就 知道
（ 13）
this is what I know about my childhood and beyond that I do not remember much else
。 构 接（ structural cohesion ）
⑴① 我仍旧站在那 柿子 下，
望着 梢上那个孤零零的小火柿子。
② 它那 得透亮
的色 ，依然 人一种喜盈盈的感 。③ 可是我却哭了。 ④ 哭那陌生的，但却疼 我的
灶糖的老汉。
① I stood under the persimmon tree, looking at the lone little persimmon. ② Its flaming redness was a joyous sight, but I cried for the strange old candy peddler who had been so fond of me.
替代（ substitution
⑵——我能看看那条围巾吗？ ——可以。哪一条？
红的 还是 黑的 ？
— May I have a look at that scarf?
— Yes. Which one? The red one or the black one? ⑶——谁愿意和我们一起打篮球？ ——我不 干 。
— Who'd like to play basketball with us? — No, I won't.
⑷——他们总是把房间搞得乱七八糟。你怎么也
这样 呢？
— They've always made a mess of the room. Why have you, too?
⑸——我想买一套家具。 ——买大连出的
( 家具 )吧！
— I want to buy a set of furniture.
— Buy one (set of furniture) made in Dalian. ⑹——我们到那里去春游？
——（我们到）磨山（去春游） 。 — Where shall we go for a spring outing ？—（ We'll go to ）Moshan (for a spring outing)
⑺——你决定了毕业后去工作吗？
——当然！（我决定了毕业后去工作。 ）
— Have you made up your mind to work in Tibet after graduation? — Sure!(I've made up my mind to work in Tibet after graduation.) 对偶（ antithesis 排比（ parallelism 对照（ contrast 顶针（ anadiplosis 回环（ palindrome 层递（ climax 反复（ repetition
⑻ 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 （对偶）
Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
⑼燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨树枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。但是，聪明的，你告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？（排比）
Swallows fly away, yet return; willows wither, yet burgeon again; peach-blossom fades, yet
blooms afresh. But tell me, you who are wise, why do our days depart never to return?
⑽大 花一 全被拉 了， 白云 中。 白云 入村女中⋯⋯
Each of the great crimson flowers stretched out now into rippling red silk belts. The belts interwove with the dogs, the dogs with the white clouds, and the white clouds with the country girls.
是 刺奔 的
。 入 狗 中， 狗 入
⑾ 我 人人，人人 我。 One for all, all for one ⑿ 人不犯我，我不犯人。
We will not attack unless we are attacked. ⒀ 相知才能不相疑，不相疑才能 相知
。 Only by being well acquainted with each other can we be free from suspicions, and only without suspicions can we always keep bosom friends with each other.
⒁ ①一年，两年，三年，你的望眼将穿，②一年，两年，三年，我的 心似箭。
Year in year out you've been looking forward with eager expectation to my home-coming; year in year out I've been looking forward with great anxiety to returning home.
⒂ 我 自由呀！
我 自由呀！ 一切的一，自由呀！ 一的一切，自由呀！ 自由便是你，自由便是我！ 自由便是“他”，自由便是火！ We are free! We are free!
The one that is all is free! The all that is one is free! Freedom is you, freedom is me! Freedom is “ he ”， freedom is fire! 接（ lexical cohesion 反复（ repetition 搭配（ collocation 上 （ superordinate 概括 general word 下 （ subordinate
具体
specific word
（１６）普之仁 我穿着 茶花 走，指点着告 我 叫 大 瑙 ，那叫 雪 子 ， 是蝶翅 ，那是 大紫袍 ，名目花色多得很。 后来他攀着一株茶 的小干枝 ： “ 叫 童子面 ，花期 ， 打着 ，开起来 色深 ，倒是最好看的。”
Taking me through the groves of camellias , Pu Zhiren told me the names of different varieties : Giant Agate ，Butterfly wing, Giant Purple Robe and many others. Then, taking hold of a small branch of a camellia tree, he said, “This is Baby Face . As it blooms late, it's only just in bud. With deep red blossoms, it's really most beautiful. ”
（１７） 孔乙己便 了 ， 上的青筋条条 出，争 道，“窃 不能算 ⋯⋯窃 ⋯⋯ 人的事，能算 么？”
At that Kong Yiji would flush, the veins on his forehead standing out as he protested， “Taking books can't be counted as stealing ⋯Taking books ⋯ for a scholar ⋯ can't be counted as stealing.”
（ 18）改革开放以来，中国的迅速
展 使世人 之惊 。
Since the reform and opening-up to the outside world, shocked the world.
（ 19）他三年前 的小商店已
展
在全国有
China's rapid development has
20 家 店的大公司了。 The store he established three years ago has been expanded into a big firm with 20 chain stores across the country.
（ 20）黄埔的
夕潮 不知怎的已
上了， 在沿 州河的两岸的 各色船只 都 浮
得高高的， 面比 高了 半英尺。 The evening tide from the Whangpoo had turned imperceptibly, and now the assortment of boats along both sides of the creek were riding high, their decks some six inches above the landing-stages.
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